vxtunefs(1M)vxtunefs(1M)NAMEvxtunefs - tune a VxFS File System
SYNOPSIS
tunefstab] parameter=value] [{mount_point|block_special}]...
DESCRIPTION
sets or prints tuneable I/O parameters of mounted file systems. can
set parameters describing the I/O properties of the underlying device,
parameters to indicate when to treat an I/O as direct I/O, or parame‐
ters to control the extent allocation policy for the specified file
system.
With no options specified, prints the existing VxFS parameters for the
specified file systems.
works on a list of mount points specified on the command line, or all
the mounted file systems listed in the file. The default file is You
can change the default using the option.
can be run at any time on a mounted file system, and all parameter
changes take immediate effect. Parameters specified on the command
line override parameters listed in the file.
If exists, the VxFS-specific command invokes to set device parameters
from
If the file system is built on a VERITAS Volume Manager (VxVM) volume,
the VxFS-specific command interacts with VxVM to obtain default values
for the tunables, so you need to specify tunables for VxVM devices only
to change the defaults.
Only a privileged user can run
Options
recognizes the following options:
Use filename instead of as the file containing tuning
parameters.
Specify parameters for the file systems
listed on the command line. See the "VxFS Tuning
Parameters and Guidelines" topic in this section.
Print the tuning parameters for
all the file systems specified on the command
line.
Set the new tuning parameters for the VxFS file systems
specified on the command line or in the file.
Operands
recognizes the following operands:
mount_point Name of directory for a mounted VxFS file system.
block_special Name of the block_special device which contains
the VxFS file system.
Notes
works with Storage Checkpoints; however, VxFS tunables apply to an
entire file system. Therefore tunables affect not only the primary
fileset, but also any Storage Checkpoint filesets within that file sys‐
tem.
The tunables and are not supported on HP-UX.
VxFS Tuning Parameters and Guidelines
The values for all the following parameters except and can be specified
in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes or sectors (1024 bytes) by appending or
You do not need for a suffix for the value in bytes.
If the file system is being used with a hardware disk array or another
volume manager (such as VxVM), align the parameters to match the geome‐
try of the logical disk. For disk striping and RAID-5 configurations,
set to the stripe unit size or interleave factor and set to be the num‐
ber of columns. For disk striping configurations, set and to the same
values as and but for RAID-5 configurations, set to the full stripe
size and set to 1.
For an application to do efficient direct I/O or discovered direct I/O,
it should issue read requests that are equal to the product of and In
general, any multiple or factor of multiplied by is a good size for
performance. For writing, the same general rule applies to the and
parameters. When tuning a file system, the best thing to do is use the
tuning parameters under a real workload.
If an application is doing sequential I/O to large files, it should
issue requests larger than the This performs the I/O requests as dis‐
covered direct I/O requests which are unbuffered like direct I/O, but
which do not require synchronous inode updates when extending the file.
If the file is too large to fit in the cache, using unbuffered I/O
avoids losing useful data out of the cache, and lowers CPU overhead.
The VxFS tuneable parameters are:
On VxFS, files can have up to 10 variable
sized extents stored in the inode. After these extents are used,
the file must use indirect extents which are a fixed size that is
set when the file first uses indirect extents. These indirect
extents are 8K by default. The file system does not use larger
indirect extents because it must fail a write and return ENOSPC if
there are no extents available that are the indirect extent size.
For file systems with many large files, the 8K indirect extent
size is too small. The files that get into indirect extents use a
lot of smaller extents instead of a few larger ones. By using
this parameter, the default indirect extent size can be increased
so that large files in indirects use fewer larger extents.
Be careful using this tuneable. If it is too large, then writes
fail when they are unable to allocate extents of the indirect
extent size to a file. In general, the fewer and the larger the
files on a file system, the larger can be. The value of this
parameter is generally a multiple of the parameter.
This tuneable does not apply to disk layout Version 4.
Any file I/O requests larger than the
are handled as discovered direct I/O. A discovered direct I/O is
unbuffered like direct I/O, but it does not require a synchronous
commit of the inode when the file is extended or blocks are allo‐
cated. For larger I/O requests, the CPU time for copying the data
into the buffer cache and the cost of using memory to buffer the
I/O becomes more expensive than the cost of doing the disk I/O.
For these I/O requests, using discovered direct I/O is more effi‐
cient than regular I/O. The default value of this parameter is
256K.
Specifies the minimum amount of time,
in seconds, that the VxFS File Change Log (FCL) keeps records in
the log. When the oldest 8K block of FCL records have been kept
longer than the value of they are purged from the FCL and the
extents nearest to the beginning of the FCL file are freed. This
process is referred to as "punching a hole." Holes are punched in
the FCL file in 8K chunks.
If the parameter is set, records are purged from the FCL if the
amount of space allocated to the FCL exceeds even if the elapsed
time the records have been in the log is less than the value of If
the file system runs out of space before is reached, the FCL is
deactivated.
Either or both of the or parameters must be set before the File
Change Log can be activated. operates only on Version 6 or higher
disk layout file systems.
Specifies the maximum amount of space that can be allocated to the
VxFS File Change Log. The FCL file is a sparse file that grows as
changes occur in the file system. When the space allocated to the
FCL file reaches the value, the oldest FCL records are purged from
the FCL and the extents nearest to the beginning of the FCL file
are freed. This process is referred to as "punching a hole."
Holes are punched in the FCL file in 8K chunks. If the file sys‐
tem runs out of space before is reached, the FCL is deactivated.
Either or both of the or parameters must be set before the File
Change Log can be activated. operates only on Version 6 or higher
disk layout file systems.
Specifies the time,
in seconds, that must elapse before the VxFS File Change Log
records a data overwrite, data extending write, or data truncate
for a file. The ability to limit the number of repetitive FCL
records for continuous writes to the same file is important for
file system performance and for applications processing the FCL.
is best set to an interval less than the shortest interval between
reads of the FCL by any application. This way all applications
using the FCL can be assured of finding at least one FCL record
for any file experiencing continuous data changes.
is enforced for all files in the file system. Each file maintains
its own time stamps, and the elapsed time between FCL records is
per file. This elapsed time can be overridden using the VxFS FCL
sync public API (see the manual page).
operates only on Version 6 or higher disk layout file systems.
For a file managed by a hierarchical storage management
(HSM) application, preallocates disk blocks before data is
migrated back into the file system. An HSM application usually
migrates the data back through a series of writes to the file,
each of which allocates a few blocks. By setting a sufficient
number of disk blocks will be allocated on the first write to the
empty file so that no disk block allocation is required for subse‐
quent writes, which improves the write performance during migra‐
tion.
The parameter is implemented outside of the DMAPI specification,
and its usage has limitations depending on how the space within an
HSM controlled file is managed. It is advisable to use only when
recommended by the HSM application controlling the file system.
Changes the default size of the initial extent.
VxFS determines, based on the first write to a new file, the size
of the first extent to allocate to the file. Typically the first
extent is the smallest power of 2 that is larger than the size of
the first write. If that power of 2 is less than 8K, the first
extent allocated is 8K. After the initial extent, the file system
increases the size of subsequent extents (see with each alloca‐
tion.
For a file managed by a hierarchical storage management (HSM)
application, preallocates disk blocks before data is migrated back
into the file system. An HSM application usually migrates the
data back through a series of writes to the file, each of which
allocates a few blocks. By setting a sufficient number of disk
blocks will be allocated on the first write to the empty file so
that no disk block allocation is required for subsequent writes,
which improves the write performance during migration.
Because most applications write to files using a buffer size of 8K
or less, the increasing extents start doubling from a small ini‐
tial extent. changes the default initial extent size to a larger
value, so the doubling policy starts from a much larger initial
size, and the file system won't allocate a set of small extents at
the start of file.
Use this parameter only on file systems that have a very large
average file size. On such file systems, there are fewer extents
per file and less fragmentation.
is measured in file system blocks.
Specifies the maximum number of inodes to
place on an inode aging list. Inode aging is used in conjunction
with file system Storage Checkpoints to allow quick restoration of
large, recently deleted files. The aging list is maintained in
first-in-first-out (fifo) order up to maximum number of inodes
specified by As newer inodes are placed on the list, older inodes
are removed to complete their aging process. For best perfor‐
mance, it is advisable to age only a limited number of larger
files before completion of the removal process. The default maxi‐
mum number of inodes to age is 2048.
Specifies the minimum size to qualify a deleted inode for inode aging.
Inode aging is used in conjunction with file system Storage Check‐
points to allow quick restoration of large, recently deleted
files. For best performance, it is advisable to age only a lim‐
ited number of larger files before completion of the removal
process. Setting the size too low can push larger file inodes out
of the aging queue to make room for newly removed smaller file
inodes.
Determines the maximum buffer size allocated for file data.
The two accepted values are 8K bytes and 64K bytes. The larger
value can be beneficial for workloads where large reads/writes are
performed sequentially. The smaller value is preferable on work‐
loads where the I/O is random or is done in small chunks. The
default value is 8K bytes.
Maximum size of a direct I/O
request issued by the file system. If there is a larger I/O
request, it is broken up into chunks. This parameter defines how
much memory an I/O request can lock at once; do not set it to more
than 20% of memory.
Limits the maximum disk queue generated by a single file.
When the file system is flushing data for a file and the number of
pages being flushed exceeds processes block until the amount of
data being flushed decreases. Although this does not limit the
actual disk queue, it prevents synchronizing processes from making
the system unresponsive. The default value is 1 megabyte.
Although it does not limit the actual disk queue, prevents pro‐
cesses that flush data to disk, such as from making the system
unresponsive.
See the description for more information on pages and system mem‐
ory.
Increases or decreases the maximum size of an extent.
When the file system is following its default allocation policy
for sequential writes to a file, it allocates an initial extent
that is large enough for the first write to the file. When addi‐
tional extents are allocated, they are progressively larger (the
algorithm tries to double the size of the file with each new
extent), so each extent can hold several writes worth of data.
This reduces the total number of extents in anticipation of con‐
tinued sequential writes. When there are no more writes to the
file, unused space is freed for other files to use.
In general, this allocation stops increasing the size of extents
at 2048 blocks, which prevents one file from holding too much
unused space.
is measured in file system blocks.
is measured in file system blocks. The default value for this tun‐
able is 2048 blocks. Setting to a value less than 2048 automati‐
cally resets this tunable to the default value of 2048 blocks.
Enables or disables caching on Quick I/O for Databases files.
The default behavior is to disable caching. To enable caching,
set to 1.
On systems with large amounts of memory, the database cannot
always use all of the memory as a cache. By enabling file system
caching as a second level cache, performance can improve.
If the database is performing sequential scans of tables, the
scans can run faster by enabling file system caching so the file
system performs aggressive read aheads on the files.
In the absence of a specific caching advisory,
the default for all VxFS read operations is to perform sequential
read ahead. The enhanced read ahead functionality implements an
algorithm that allows read aheads to detect more elaborate pat‐
terns (such as increasing or decreasing read offsets, or multi‐
threaded file accesses) in addition to simple sequential reads.
You can specify the following values for
Disables read ahead functionality
Retains traditional sequential read ahead behavior
Enables enhanced read ahead for all reads
By default, is set to 1, that is, VxFS detects only sequential
patterns.
detects patterns on a per-thread basis, up to a maximum of The
default number of threads is 5, however, you can change the
default value by setting the parameter in the system configuration
file,
The number of parallel read
requests of size to have outstanding at one time. The file system
uses the product of and to determine its read ahead size. The
default value for is 1.
The preferred read request size. The
file system uses this in conjunction with the value to determine
how much data to read ahead. The default value is 64K.
The number of parallel write
requests of size to have outstanding at one time. The file system
uses the product of and to determine when to do flush behind on
writes. The default value for is 1.
The preferred write request size. The
file system uses this in conjunction with the value to determine
how to do flush behind on writes. The default value is 64K.
When data is written to a file through buffered writes,
the file system updates only the in-memory image of the file, cre‐
ating what are referred to as dirty buffers. Dirty buffers are
cleaned when the the file system later writes the data in these
buffers to disk. (Note that data can be lost if the system
crashes before dirty buffers are written to disk.)
Newer model computer systems typically have more memory. The more
physical memory a system has, the more dirty buffers the file sys‐
tem can generate before having to write the buffers to disk to
free up memory. So more dirty buffers can potentially lead to
longer return times for operations that write dirty buffers to
disk such as and If your system has a combination of a slow stor‐
age device and a large amount of memory, the sync operations may
take long enough to complete that it gives the appearance of a
hung system.
If your system is exhibiting this behavior, you can change the
value of lets you lower the number of dirty buffers per file that
the file system will generate before writing them to disk. After
the number of dirty buffers for a file reaches the threshold, the
file system starts flushing buffers to disk even if free memory is
still available. Depending on the speed of the storage device,
user write performance may suffer, but the number of dirty buffers
is limited, so sync operations will complete much faster.
The default value of is zero. The default value places no limit
on the number of dirty buffers per file. This typically generates
a large number of dirty buffers, but maintains fast writes. If is
non-zero, VxFS limits the number of dirty buffers per file to buf‐
fers In some cases, may delay write requests. For example, lower‐
ing the value of may increase the file disk queue to the value,
delaying user writes until the disk queue decreases. So unless
the system has a combination of large physical memory and slow
storage devices, it is advisable not to change the value of
FILES
VxFS file system tuning parameters table.
SEE ALSOmkfs_vxfs(1M), mount(1M), mount_vxfs(1M), sync(2), tunefstab(4), vxf‐
sio(7).
vxtunefs(1M)