INTRO(9E)INTRO(9E)NAME
Intro, intro - overview of device driver interfaces and introduction to
driver entry points
DESCRIPTION
This page provides an overview of device driver interfaces and all of
the Section 9 man pages (9E, 9F, 9P, and 9S). This overview is followed
by an introduction to Section 9E, the driver entry-point routines.
Overview of Device Driver Interfaces
Section 9 provides reference information needed to write device drivers
for the Solaris operating environment. It describes the interfaces pro‐
vided by the Device Driver Interface and the Driver-Kernel Interface
(DDI/DKI).
Porting
Software is usually considered portable if it can be adapted to run in
a different environment more cheaply than it can be rewritten. The new
environment may include a different processor, operating system, and
even the language in which the program is written, if a language trans‐
lator is available. Likewise the new environment might include multiple
processors. More often, however, software is ported between environ‐
ments that share an operating system, processor, and source language.
The source code is modified to accommodate the differences in compilers
or processors or releases of the operating system.
In the past, device drivers did not port easily for one or more of the
following reasons:
o To enhance functionality, members had been added to kernel
data structures accessed by drivers, or the sizes of exist‐
ing members had been redefined.
o The calling or return syntax of kernel functions had
changed.
o Driver developers did not use existing kernel functions
where available, or relied on undocumented side effects that
were not maintained in the next release.
o Architecture-specific code had been scattered throughout the
driver when it could have been isolated.
Operating systems are periodically reissued to customers as a way to
improve performance, fix bugs, and add new features. This is probably
the most common threat to compatibility encountered by developers
responsible for maintaining software. Another common problem is upgrad‐
ing hardware. As new hardware is developed, customers occasionally
decide to upgrade to faster, more capable computers of the same family.
Although they may run the same operating system as those being
replaced, architecture-specific code may prevent the software from
porting.
Scope of Interfaces
Although application programs have all of the porting problems men‐
tioned, developers attempting to port device drivers have special chal‐
lenges. Before describing the DDI/DKI, it is necessary to understand
the position of device drivers in operating systems.
Device drivers are kernel modules that control data transferred to and
received from peripheral devices but are developed independently from
the rest of the kernel. If the goal of achieving complete freedom in
modifying the kernel is to be reconciled with the goal of binary com‐
patibility with existing drivers, the interaction between drivers and
the kernel must be rigorously regulated. This driver/kernel service
interface is the most important of the three distinguishable interfaces
for a driver, summarized as follows:
o Driver-Kernel. I/O System calls result in calls to driver
entry point routines. These make up the kernel-to-driver
part of the service interface, described in Section 9E.
Drivers may call any of the functions described in Section
9F. These are the driver-to-kernel part of the interface.
o Driver-Hardware. All drivers (except software drivers) must
include code for interrupt handling, and may also perform
direct memory access (DMA). These and other hardware-spe‐
cific interactions make up the driver/hardware interface.
o Driver-Boot/Configuration Software. The interaction between
the driver and the boot and configuration software is the
third interface affecting drivers.
Scope of the DDI/DKI
The primary goal of the DDI/DKI is to facilitate both source and binary
portability across successive releases of the operating systems on a
particular machine. In addition, it promotes source portability across
implementations of UNIX on different machines, and applies only to
implementations based on System V Release 4. The DDI/DKI consists of
several sections:
o DDI/DKI Architecture Independent - These interfaces are sup‐
ported on all implementations of System V Release 4.
o DKI-only - These interfaces are part of System V Release 4,
and may not be supported in future releases of System V.
There are only two interfaces in this class, segmap(9E) and
hat_getkpfnum(9F)
o Solaris DDI - These interfaces specific to Solaris.
o Solaris SPARC specific DDI - These interfaces are specific
to the SPARC processor, and may not be available on other
processors supported by Solaris.
o Solaris x86 specific DDI - These interfaces are specific to
the x86 processor, and may not be available on other proces‐
sors supported by Solaris.
To achieve the goal of source and binary compatibility, the functions,
routines, and structures specified in the DDI/DKI must be used accord‐
ing to these rules.
o Drivers cannot access system state structures (for example,
u and sysinfo) directly.
o For structures external to the driver that may be accessed
directly, only the utility functions provided in Section 9F
should be used. More generally, these functions should be
used wherever possible.
o The headers <sys/ddi.h> and <sys/sunddi.h> must be the last
header files included by the driver.
Audience
Section 9 is for software engineers responsible for creating, modify‐
ing, or maintaining drivers that run on this operating system and
beyond. It assumes that the reader is familiar with system internals
and the C programming language.
PCMCIA Standard
The PC Card 95 Standard is listed under the SEE ALSO heading in some
Section 9 reference pages. This refers to documentation published by
the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA)
and the Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA).
How to Use Section 9
Section 9 is divided into the following subsections:
9E
Driver Entry Points - contains reference pages for all driver
entry point routines.
9F
Kernel Functions - contains reference pages for all driver sup‐
port routines.
9P
Driver Properties - contains reference pages for driver proper‐
ties.
9S
Data Structures - contains reference pages for driver-related
structures.
Compatibility Note
Sun Microsystem's implementation of the DDI/DKI was designed to provide
binary compatibility for third-party device drivers across currently
supported hardware platforms across minor releases of the operating
system. However, unforeseen technical issues may force changes to the
binary interface of the DDI/DKI. We cannot therefore promise or in any
way assure that DDI/DKI-compliant device drivers will continue to oper‐
ate correctly on future releases.
Introduction to Section 9E
Section 9E describes the entry-point routines a developer can include
in a device driver. These are called entry-point because they provide
the calling and return syntax from the kernel into the driver. Entry-
points are called, for instance, in response to system calls, when the
driver is loaded, or in response to STREAMS events.
Kernel functions usable by the driver are described in section 9F.
In this section, reference pages contain the following headings:
o NAME describes the routine's purpose.
o SYNOPSIS summarizes the routine's calling and return syntax.
o INTERFACE LEVEL describes any architecture dependencies. It
also indicates whether the use of the entry point is
required, optional, or discouraged.
o ARGUMENTS describes each of the routine's arguments.
o DESCRIPTION provides general information about the routine.
o RETURN VALUES describes each of the routine's return values.
o SEE ALSO gives sources for further information.
Overview of Driver Entry-Point Routines and Naming Conventions
By convention, a prefix string is added to the driver routine names.
For a driver with the prefix prefix, the driver code may contain rou‐
tines named prefixopen, prefixclose, prefixread, prefixwrite, and so
forth. All global variables associated with the driver should also use
the same prefix.
All routines and data should be declared as static.
Every driver MUST include <sys/ddi.h> and <sys/sunddi.h>, in that
order, and after all other include files.
The following table summarizes the STREAMS driver entry points
described in this section.
Routine Type
──────────────────
put DDI/DKI
srv DDI/DKI
The following table summarizes the driver entry points described in
this section.
Routine Type
────────────────────────────────
_fini Solaris DDI
_info Solaris DDI
_init Solaris DDI
aread Solaris DDI
attach Solaris DDI
awrite Solaris DDI
chpoll DDI/DKI
close DDI/DKI
detach Solaris DDI
devmap Solaris DDI
devmap_access Solaris DDI
devmap_contextmgt Solaris DDI
devmap_dup Solaris DDI
devmap_map Solaris DDI
devmap_unmap Solaris DDI
dump Solaris DDI
getinfo Solaris DDI
identify Solaris DDI
ioctl DDI/DKI
ks_update Solaris DDI
mapdev_access Solaris DDI
mapdev_dup Solaris DDI
mapdev_free Solaris DDI
mmap DKI only
open DDI/DKI
power Solaris DDI
print DDI/DKI
probe Solaris DDI
prop_op Solaris DDI
read DDI/DKI
segmap DKI only
strategy DDI/DKI
tran_abort Solaris DDI
tran_destroy_pkt Solaris DDI
tran_dmafree Solaris DDI
tran_getcap Solaris DDI
tran_init_pkt Solaris DDI
tran_reset Solaris DDI
tran_reset_notify Solaris DDI
tran_setcap Solaris DDI
tran_start Solaris DDI
tran_sync_pkt Solaris DDI
tran_tgt_free Solaris DDI
tran_tgt_init Solaris DDI
tran_tgt_probe Solaris DDI
write DDI/DKI
The following table lists the error codes returned by a driver routine
when it encounters an error. The error values are listed in alphabetic
order and are defined in sys/errno.h. In the driver open(9E),
close(9E), ioctl(9E), read(9E), and write(9E) routines, errors are
passed back to the user by calling bioerror(9F) to set b_flags to the
proper error code. In the driver strategy(9E) routine, errors are
passed back to the user by setting the b_error member of the buf(9S)
structure to the error code. For STREAMS ioctl routines, errors should
be sent upstream in an M_IOCNAK message. For STREAMS read() and write()
routines, errors should be sent upstream in an M_ERROR message. The
driver print routine should not return an error code because the func‐
tion that it calls, cmn_err(9F), is declared as void (no error is
returned).
Error Value Error Description
─────────────────────────────────────────
EAGAIN Kernel resources, such as
the buf structure or cache
memory, are not available
at this time (device may
be busy, or the system
resource is not avail‐
able). This is used in
open, ioctl, read, write,
and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EFAULT An invalid address has
been passed as an argu‐
ment; memory addressing
error. This is used in
open, close, ioctl, read,
write, and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EINTR Sleep interrupted by sig‐
nal. This is used in open,
close, ioctl, read, write,
and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EINVAL An invalid argument was
passed to the routine.
This is used in open,
ioctl, read, write, and
strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EIO A device error occurred;
an error condition was
detected in a device sta‐
tus register (the I/O
request was valid, but an
error occurred on the
device). This is used in
open, close, ioctl, read,
write, and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
ENXIO An attempt was made to
access a device or subde‐
vice that does not exist
(one that is not config‐
ured); an attempt was made
to perform an invalid I/O
operation; an incorrect
minor number was speci‐
fied. This is used in
open, close, ioctl, read,
write, and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EPERM A process attempting an
operation did not have
required permission. This
is used in open, ioctl,
read, write, and strategy.
─────────────────────────────────────────
EROFS An attempt was made to
open for writing a read-
only device. This is used
in open.
The table below cross references error values to the driver routines
from which the error values can be returned.
┌───────┬────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────┐
│ open │ close │ ioctl │ read, write and strategy │
├───────┼────────┼────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│EAGAIN │ EFAULT │ EAGAIN │ EAGAIN │
│EFAULT │ EINTR │ EFAULT │ EFAULT │
│EINTR │ EIO │ EINTR │ EINTR │
│EINVAL │ ENXIO │ EINVAL │ EINVAL │
│EIO │ │ EIO │ EIO │
│ENXIO │ │ ENXIO │ ENXIO │
│EPERM │ │ EPERM │ │
│EROFS │ │ │ │
└───────┴────────┴────────┴──────────────────────────┘
SEE ALSOIntro(9F), Intro(9S)
May 15, 2001 INTRO(9E)