For other information, see the Ghostscript overview.
Ghostscript is distributed with two kinds of files related to fonts:
Fontmap" that defines for
Ghostscript which file represents which font.
Additionally, a file cidfmap can be used
to create CID fonts for CJK font files on the system See
the section on CID Font Substitution
for details.
Most of the font files supplied with Ghostscript have the extension
.pfb, and a few have .pfa or
.gsf. Each file defines one ordinary PostScript Type 1
outline font which any PostScript language interpreter can use. Files with
.pfa or .pfb extensions are also compatible
with Adobe Type Manager (ATM) and with tools that don't include a full
PostScript language interpreter; files with .gsf extension
are incompatible with ATM and other tools. Ghostscript compiled with the
"ttfont" option can also use TrueType fonts with the extension
.ttf.
When Ghostscript needs a font, it must have some way to know where to look
for it: that's the purpose of the Fontmap file, which
associates the names of fonts such as /Times-Roman
with the names of font files, such as
n021003l.pfb. Fontmap can also create
aliases for font names, so that for instance,
/NimbusNo9L-Regu means the same font as
/Times-Roman.
Two sets of free fonts are supplied for Ghostscript:
Font packages
System File name Contents Types
DOS and
MS Windowsgs###fn1.zipBasic .pfbgs###fn2.zipMiscellaneous Various, for
different fonts
Unix ghostscript-fonts-std-#.##.tar.gzBasic .afm,.pfb,
.pfmghostscript-fonts-other-#.##.tar.gzMiscellaneous .afm,.gsf,
.pfa, .pfm
"#.##" and "###" are the version number with and without punctuation. Fonts can be found at
ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/fonts/ (for several versions; generally the latest is preferred)
Don Knuth's Computer Modern fonts are popular, free, and widely available. A Fontmap appropriate for these fonts is available from:
ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/contrib/Fontmap.cmr
or from other CTAN sites.
A free Chinese font, originally provided by courtesy of Jackson Technology, Ltd., Taiwan under the GPL and now distributed by the Taiwan NeXT User Group, is available from:
ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/3rdparty/fonts/hanzi/
Prof. Wu of the Department of Economics of National Taiwan University has created several free Type 1 Chinese fonts designed to be used with TeX. His e-mail is ntut019@ccms.ntu.edu.tw. The fonts are available from
ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/fonts/cwfont/
Arphic Technology Co., Ltd., has made several free TrueType Chinese fonts
available under the Arphic Public License, a license very similar to the
GPL. (Ghostscript can use TrueType fonts if Ghostscript is compiled with
the ttfont feature included: see here for more information.) The
fonts and license are available from
ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/fonts/arphic/
Mr. Tetsurou Tanaka of the Department of Engineering, University of Tokyo, has created a set of free Kanji fonts available from
ftp://ftp.ipl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Font/
along with documentation in Japanese and English describing their conditions of use and how to use them. An older copy of these fonts, under somewhat different names, is available at the Ghostscript site:
ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/3rdparty/fonts/kanji/
Mr. Norio Katayama has done some work to make Ghostscript work well with Kanji fonts. An easy-to-install Kanji font for Ghostscript, with installation instructions, is at
http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/~far/howto/gs-ttf.html
The same site has patches to make Ghostscript work with Japanese VF fonts, with documentation in both English and Japanese:
http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/~far/howto/gs-vflib.html
Here are some other resources in Japanese relating to VFlib and using Ghostscript with Japanese fonts:
- http://kakugawa.aial.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~kakugawa/Hacks/
- http://itohws03.ee.noda.sut.ac.jp/~matsuda/VFlib-FT/
- Author <matsuda@itohws01.ee.noda.sut.ac.jp>
- http://www.rd.nacsis.ac.jp/~katayama/homepage/ghostscript/Japanese.html
- Author <katayama@rd.nacsis.ac.jp>
Some Unicode CMaps that can be used with Ghostscript are freely downloadable from
ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/adobe/
N. Glonty and A. Samarin created in 1989 a Cyrillic extension of TeX's "Computer Modern" fonts, now freely available through the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN), for instance at
ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/fonts/cyrillic/cmcyr/
CTAN's entire collection of Cyrillic fonts is, for instance, at
ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/fonts/cyrillic/
Basil K. Malyshev created the "Paradissa Fonts Collection" in 1993. It
contained 165 fonts, including the Glonty and Samarin font above plus other
Computer Modern, Euler, and LaTeX fonts, all in PostScript Type 1 format
with .afm and .pfm files, compatible with ATM.
The collection could once be found through CTAN, for instance at
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/
but the collection no longer seems to be available. However, the ctan fonts directory remains an excellent source of free fonts, many of which are offered in postscript as well we as TeX Metafont format.
George W. Wilson is distributing some free partial Unicode fonts he created. These fonts currently lack Arabic and CJK characters, but they include a very large subset of the remaining Unicode set. They are available in both Type 1 and TrueType formats. See
http://bibliofile.mc.duke.edu/gww/fonts/Unicode.html
Fonts occupy about 50KB each, so Ghostscript doesn't load them all
automatically when it runs. Instead, as part of normal initialization
Ghostscript runs a file gs_fonts.ps, which arranges to load
fonts on demand using information from the font map. To preload all of the
known fonts, invoke the procedure
loadallfonts
The file prfont.ps contains code to print a sample page of
a font. Load this program by including it in the gs
command line or by invoking
(prfont.ps) run
Then to produce a sampler of a particular font XYZ, invoke
/XYZ DoFont
For example,
/Times-Roman DoFont
For more information about how Ghostscript loads fonts during execution, see here.
Ghostscript displays text on screen using whatever font technology is provided by the system on which it runs, by calling the system's API to display text. On platforms with X Windows, this is X Windows; on MS Windows it may be TrueType or ATM; Ghostscript neither knows nor cares.
The PostScript language specifies that fonts are data structures with particular contents (for instance, they include a bounding box for the font, an Encoding vector to specify the character set, etc.), and it is common for PostScript files to use this fact; also, characters can be used as clipping regions, and can be arbitrarily algorithmically rotated, skewed, expanded or condensed, etc. Most of this information is available in some form from the underlying graphics system, but one crucial piece is not: the actual scalable outlines of the characters, which Ghostscript needs in order to implement both clipping with character shapes and arbitrarily transformed characters. Consequently
Ghostscript needs the scalable outlines of any font mentioned in a document, and loads them from the disk (.pfa,.pfb, or .gsf file) in the usual way, even if it uses the platform's font machinery to display the characters. In other words, Ghostscript must still be able to find its font files.
To make matters worse, platforms use different names for their standard
fonts. For example, the Times Roman font, for which PostScript files use
the name "Times-Roman", may be known as
"Times-Roman", "Times Roman",
"Tms Rmn",
"Times New Roman", or
"TimesNewRoman". The name may even be completely
different: the usual Helvetica-equivalent TrueType font is called
"Arial". It is possible to deal with this situation by
introducing aliases in Fontmap, but there are two reasons why Ghostscript
does not currently do this:
If you don't seem to be getting nice characters on the screen under MS Windows, you can try adding aliases to Fontmap, according to the documentation you'll find in there.
Ghostscript can use any Type 0, 1, 3, 4, or 42 font acceptable to other PostScript language interpreters or to ATM, including MultiMaster fonts. Beginning with release 4.0, Ghostscript can also use TrueType fonts if it was compiled with the "ttfont" option.
To add fonts of your own, you must edit Fontmap to include at the end an entry for your new font; the format for entries is documented in Fontmap itself. Since later entries in Fontmap override earlier entries, a font you add at the end supersedes any corresponding fonts supplied with Ghostscript and defined earlier in the file.
In the PC world, Type 1 fonts are customarily given names ending in
.PFA or .PFB. Ghostscript can use these
directly: you just need to make the entry in Fontmap. If you want to use
with Ghostscript a commercial Type 1 font (such as fonts obtained in
conjunction with Adobe Type Manager), please read carefully the license that
accompanies the font to satisfy yourself that you may do so legally; we take
no responsibility for any possible violations of such licenses. The same
applies to TrueType fonts.
Ghostscript provides a way to construct a (low-quality) Type 1 font from a
bitmap font in the BDF format popular in the Unix world. The shell script
bdftops (Unix) or the command file
bdftops.bat (DOS) converts a BDF file to a
scalable outline using bdftops.ps . Run the
shell command
bdftops BDF_filename [AFM_file1_name ...] gsf_filename fontname
UniqueID [XUID] [encodingname]
The arguments have these meanings:
BDF_filenameInput bitmap file in BDF format AFM_file1_nameAFM files giving metrics (Optional) gsf_filenameOutput file fontnameName of the font UniqueIDUniqueID (as described below) XUIDXUID, in the form n1.n2.n3...(as described below)(Optional) encodingname"StandardEncoding" (the default), "ISOLatin1Encoding",
"SymbolEncoding", "DingbatsEncoding"(Optional)
For instance
bdftops pzdr.bdf ZapfDingbats.afm pzdr.gsf ZapfDingbats 4100000 1000000.1.41
Then make an entry in Fontmap for the .gsf
file (pzdr.gsf in the example) as
described above.
The rest of this document is very unlikely to be of value to ordinary users.
As noted above, Ghostscript accepts fonts in the same formats as PostScript interpreters. Type 0, 1, and 3 fonts are documented in the PostScript Language Reference Manual (Second Edition); detailed documentation for Type 1 fonts appears in a separate Adobe book. Type 2 (compressed format) fonts are documented in separate Adobe publications. Type 4 fonts are not documented anywhere; they are essentially Type 1 fonts with a BuildChar or BuildGlyph procedure. Types 9, 10, and 11 (CIDFontType 0, 1, and 2) and Type 32 (downloaded bitmap) fonts are documented in Adobe supplements. Type 42 (encapsulated TrueType) fonts are documented in an Adobe supplement; the TrueType format is documented in publications available from Apple and Microsoft. Ghostscript does not support Type 14 (Chameleon) fonts, which use a proprietary Adobe format.
If you create your own fonts and will use them only within your own
organization, you should use UniqueID values between
4000000 and 4999999.
If you plan to distribute fonts, ask Adobe to assign you some UniqueIDs and
also an XUID for your organization. Contact
Unique ID Coordinator
Adobe Developers Association
Adobe Systems, Inc.
345 Park Avenue
San Jose, CA 95110-2704
+1-408-536-9000 telephone (ADA)
+1-408-536-6883 fax
fontdev-person@adobe.com
The XUID is a Level 2 PostScript feature that serves the same function as
the UniqueID, but is not limited to a single 24-bit integer. The
bdftops program creates XUIDs of the form
"[-X- 0 -U-]" where "-X-" is the
organization XUID and "-U-" is the UniqueID. (Aladdin
Enterprises' organization XUID, which appears in a few places in various
font-related files distributed with Ghostscript, is 107; do not use this for
your own fonts that you distribute.)
The standard X11 distribution can display various kinds of fonts, including
the Adobe Type 1 format, so font files distributed with Ghostscript can be
used on X Windows displays. Beginning with Ghostscript version 6.0, the
font archive contains the directory files needed to map Ghostscript's font
files to XLFDs. Those files are named "fonts.dir" and
"fonts.scale". There are two main methods to configure
your display to use these files.
xset any user can add a
new directory to the font search path for the duration of a session.
xset
Users without root access can add the Ghostscript font directories to the
font search path using xset. Such a setting is transient
and must be repeated each time the display server is reset or restarted,
typically at login, so the call to xset should be added to
the user's ".xsession" or ".xinitrc"
startup script to make the fonts available at each login.
To add a new font directory, invoke xset like this:
xset fp+ {directory}
where {directory} is the full pathname to the directory containing the fonts on the host running the X display server. For common Ghostscript installations the path is
/usr/local/Ghostscript/share/fonts
A system administrator, or anyone with the necessary root privilege, can make Ghostscript's fonts permanently available to the managed X display servers. This setup depends on the servers and the methods used to make the fonts available.
xfs font server
An X display server can obtain its font resources from a dedicated X font
server. xfs is a prototype font server included in the X
Consortium X11 distribution. It is configured with a file located in a
directory whose exact location is installation-dependent and could be any
of
/usr/lib/X11/fs/config
/usr/X11/lib/X11/fs/config
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fs/config
or some similar name. You can also use xfs's
"-config" command-line option to specify the location of
the configuration file.
The configuration file designates a list ("catalog") of directories, each
of which contains fonts and a font mapping database (the file
"fonts.dir"). This list is specified with the
"catalogue=" keyword followed by a list of absolute
directory paths separated by commas. To add the Ghostscript directory,
include its full name in the catalog list, for example:
catalogue = /usr/local/share/Ghostscript/fonts/,
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/,
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/,
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/,
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/,
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/
The fonts are searched in the order the directories are specified, so an XLFD mapped by the Ghostscript directory could shadow a previous similar description specified in the following directories. Once the file is modified, instruct the font server to reload the configuration file by sending it the USR1 signal:
kill -HUP {pid}
where {pid} is the font server process's numeric
process
ID, as obtained with the "ps" command. Be sure to check
that the server is still alive after signaling it: it is very picky and
could decide to shut itself down if something is wrong in the new
configuration. If this happens, restart the server by hand and try to
figure out from its output what's happening. If the font server dies,
display servers using it will experience problems, so be sure to send the
signal from the console or from a display not using that font server!
With the family of Xfree86 display servers, adding a new font directory
permanently requires editing the "/etc/XF86Config" setup
file to add a new "FontPath" to the "Files"
section:
Section "Files"
RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/Ghostscript/fonts"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo"
EndSection
The fonts are searched in the order the directories are specified, so an
XLFD mapped by the Ghostscript directory could shadow a previous similar
description specified in the following directories. Once this global
configuration is edited, the new fonts become available to all Xfree86
servers in use on that host. If a server is running, it must be restarted
to take effect: just quit the current session in the usual way. If the
server is under the control of xdm, you may have to kill
it, because it is usually reset only between successive sessions.
This section by Bertrand Petit <eegs@phoe.frmug.org>
Copyright © 2000-2006 Artifex Software, Inc. All rights reserved.
This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or implied. This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that license. Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com/ or contact Artifex Software, Inc., 7 Mt. Lassen Drive - Suite A-134, San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861, for further information.
Ghostscript version 8.64, 3 February 2009