getespwent(3)getespwent(3)NAME
getespwent, getespwuid, getespwnam, setprpwent, endprpwent, putespwnam,
getprpwent, getprpwuid, getprpwnam, putprpwnam, copyespwent - Manipu‐
late protected password database entry (Enhanced Security)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/security.h> #include <prot.h>
struct es_passwd *getespwent(
void ); struct es_passwd *getespwent(
void ); struct es_passwd *getespwuid(
int uid ); struct es_passwd *getespwnam(
char *name ); void setprpwent(
void ); void endprpwent(
void ); int putespwnam(
char *name,
struct es_passwd *pr ); struct es_passwd *copyespwent(
struct es_passwd *pr );
Note
The getprpwent(), getprpwuid(), getprpwnam(), and putprpwnam() routines
have been replaced by getespwent(), getespwuid(), getespwnam(), and
putespwnam() respectively.
LIBRARY
Security Library libsecurity.so
NOTE: In order to quickstart a program, the program must be linked as
follows: -lsecurity -ldb -laud -lm
See the shared library discussion in the Programmer's Guide for more
information about using the quickstarting feature.
PARAMETERS
Specifies the user ID in the protected password database. Specifies a
protected password database entry name. Specifies a protected password
database entry structure.
DESCRIPTION
The getespwent(), getespwuid(), getespwnam(), and copyespwent() func‐
tions each return a pointer to an object with the following structure
containing the broken-out fields of a line in the protected password
database. Each line in the database contains a es_passwd structure,
declared in the prot.h header file as follows:
/* Values for the "source" field in the escap prologue */
struct espw_field {
/* Identity: */
char *fd_name;
uid_t fd_uid; /* uid associated with name above */
char *fd_encrypt; /* Encrypted password */
char *fd_owner; /* if a pseudo -user, the user behind it */
int fd_nice; /* nice value with which to login */
mask_t *fd_cprivs; /* command authorization vector */
priv_t *fd_sprivs; /* kernel authorizations vector */
priv_t *fd_bprivs; /* base privilege vector */
char *fd_auditdisp; /* auditmask text */
uint_t fd_auditcntl; /* audit mask use control */
/* Password maintenance parameters: */
time_t fd_min; /* minimum time between password changes */
int fd_minlen; /* minimum length of password */
int fd_maxlen; /* maximum length of password */
int fd_minchosen; /* minimum length of chosen password */
int fd_maxchosen; /* maximum length of chosen password */
time_t fd_expire; /* soft expiration interval (seconds) */
time_t fd_lifetime; /* hard expiration interval (seconds) */
time_t fd_schange; /* last success change in secs past 1/1/70
*/
time_t fd_uchange; /* last unsuccessful change */
char fd_pick_pwd; /* can user pick his own passwords? */
char fd_gen_pwd; /* can user get passwords gen. for him? */
char fd_restrict; /* should gen. passwords be restricted? */
char fd_policy; /* check passwords by policy callout ? */
char fd_nullpw; /* is user allowed a null password? */
uid_t fd_pwchanger; /* who last changed this user's password */
char fd_gen_chars; /* can have password of random ASCII? */
char fd_gen_letters; /* can have password of random letters? */
int fd_pwdepth; /* depth of password dictionary to keep */
char *fd_pwdict; /* password history dictionary */
uchar_t fd_oldcrypt; /* algorithm index for current crypt func */
uchar_t fd_newcrypt; /* algorithm index for next crypt func */
/* Mandatory policy parameters: */
mand_ir_t *fd_clearance; /* internal representation of clearance */
/* Login parameters: */
time_t fd_slogin; /* last successful login */
time_t fd_ulogin; /* last unsuccessful login */
char *fd_suctty; /* tty of last successful login */
int fd_nlogins; /* consecutive unsuccessful logins */
int fd_flogins; /* unsuccessful login attempts */
char *fd_unsuctty; /* tty of last unsuccessful login */
char *fd_tod; /* times when user may login */
int fd_max_tries; /* maximum unsuc login tries allowed */
time_t fd_unlockint; /* interval (secs) before unlocking again */
char fd_retired; /* Is account retired? */
char fd_lock; /* Unconditionally lock account? */
time_t fd_expdate; /* time to auto-retire the account */
char fd_istemplate; /* this account is a template only */
char *fd_template; /* name of (template) account for defaults
*/
time_t fd_vac_start; /* time of user's scheduled vacation */
time_t fd_vac_end; /* time when password policy is actived */
ulong_t fd_rlim_cpu; /* RLIMIT_CPU rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_fsize; /* RLIMIT_FSIZE rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_data; /* RLIMIT_DATA rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_stack; /* RLIMIT_STACK rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_core; /* RLIMIT_CORE rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_rss; /* RLIMIT_RSS rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_nofile; /* RLIMIT_NOFILE rlim_max for setrlimit */
ulong_t fd_rlim_vmem; /* RLIMIT_VMEM rlim_max for setrlimit */
time_t fd_max_login_int; /* max time between logins before lockout
*/
time_t fd_grace_limit; /* you have until this time to fix things */
char fd_psw_chg_reqd; /* password change required */ };
struct espw_flag {
unsigned int
/* Identity: */
fg_name:1, /* Is fd_name set? */
fg_uid:1, /* Is fd_uid set? */
fg_encrypt:1, /* Is fd_encrypt set? */
fg_owner:1, /* Is fd_owner set? */
fg_nice:1, /* Is fd_nice set? */
fg_cprivs:1, /* Is fd_sprivs set? */
fg_sprivs:1, /* Is fd_sprivs set? */
fg_bprivs:1, /* Is fd_bprivs set? */
fg_auditcntl:1, /* Is fd_auditcntl set? */
fg_auditdisp:1, /* Is fd_auditdisp set? */
/* Password maintenance parameters: */
fg_min:1, /* Is fd_min set? */
fg_minlen:1, /* Is fd_minlen set? */
fg_maxlen:1, /* Is fd_maxlen set? */
fg_expire:1, /* Is fd_expire set? */
fg_lifetime:1, /* Is fd_lifetime set? */
fg_schange:1, /* Is fd_schange set? */
fg_uchange:1, /* Is fd_fchange set? */
fg_pick_pwd:1, /* Is fd_pick_pwd set? */
fg_gen_pwd:1, /* Is fd_gen_pwd set? */
fg_restrict:1, /* Is fd_restrict set? */
fg_policy:1, /* Is fd_policy set? */
fg_nullpw:1, /* Is fd_nullpw set? */
fg_pwchanger:1, /* Is fd_pwchanger set? */
fg_pwdepth:1, /* Is fd_pwdepth set? */
fg_pwdict:1, /* Is fd_pwdict set? */
fg_gen_chars:1, /* Is fd_gen_chars set? */
fg_gen_letters:1, /* Is fd_gen_letters set? */
fg_oldcrypt:1, /* Is fd_oldcrypt set? */
fg_newcrypt:1, /* Is fd_newcrypt set? */
/* Login parameters: */
fg_slogin:1, /* Is fd_slogin set? */
fg_suctty: 1, /* is fd_suctty set ? */
fg_unsuctty: 1, /* is fd_unsuctty set ? */
fg_ulogin:1, /* Is fd_ulogin set? */
fg_nlogins:1, /* Is fd_nlogins set? */
fg_max_tries:1, /* Is fd_max_tries set? */
fg_retired:1, /* Is fd_retired set? */
fg_lock:1, /* Is fd_lock set? */
fg_unlockint:1, /* Is fd_unlockint set? */
fg_tod:1, /* Is fd_tod set? */
fg_expdate:1, /* Is fd_expdate set? */
fg_istemplate:1, /* Is fd_istemplate set? */
fg_template:1, /* Is fd_template set? */
fg_vac_start:1, /* Is fd_vac_start set? */
fg_vac_end:1, /* Is fd_vac_end set? */
fg_rlim_cpu:1, /* Is fd_rlim_cpu set? */
fg_rlim_fsize:1, /* Is fd_rlim_fsize set? */
fg_rlim_data:1, /* Is fd_rlim_data set? */
fg_rlim_stack:1, /* Is fd_rlim_stack set? */
fg_rlim_core:1, /* Is fd_rlim_core set? */
fg_rlim_rss:1, /* Is fd_rlim_rss set? */
fg_rlim_nofile:1, /* Is fd_rlim_nofile set? */
fg_rlim_vmem:1, /* Is fd_rlim_vmem set? */
fg_max_login_int:1, /* Is fd_max_login_int set? */
fg_grace_limit:1, /* Is fd_grace_limit set? */
fg_psw_chg_reqd:1 /* Is fd_psw_chg_reqd set? */
; };
struct es_passwd {
AUTH_ESCAP_COMMON /* overhead fields */
size_t fieldlen; /* length of 1 of our field structs */
struct espw_field *ufld; /* Fields assoc with this user */
struct espw_flag *uflg; /* Flags assoc with this user */
struct espw_field *sfld; /* Fields assoc with system */
struct espw_flag *sflg; /* Flags assoc with system */ }; type‐
def struct es_passwd es_profile;
The protected password database stores user authentication profiles.
The es_passwd structure in the user-specific entry refers to parameters
specific to a user, while the es_passwd structure in the system default
database sets parameters that are used when there is no user-specific
override. The user-specific entry is keyed on the fd_name field, which
is a cross reference to the /etc/passwd entry for the user. The fd_uid
field must match the UID in that file as well. The balance of the
fields are defined as follows: The encrypted password. This field is
reserved for future use. Sets the nice() value of the login shell.
The command authorizations vector for the user. This field is reserved
for future use. Stores the user's kernel authorizations. This field is
reserved for future use. Stores the user's base privileges. The
fd_sprivs filed must be a superset of fd_bprivs. This field is reserved
for future use. The time, in seconds, that must elapse before the user
can change passwords. The maximum password length (in characters) for
the user. The number in this field specifies the minimum length of the
user account password for user-chosen passwords only. If the field is
zero, a dynamic value is calculated as defined in the Green Book. The
number in this field specifies the maximum length of the user account
password for user-chosen passwords only. To encourage longer, more
secure user passwords, set it to allow the system-wide maximum value
defined by the <prot.h> constant AUTH_MAX_PASSWD_LENGTH. The time, in
seconds, between the successful password change and the password expi‐
ration time. The number of seconds that must elapse after a successful
password change before the password dies. The account is considered
locked if the password is dead. The last successful and unsuccessful
password change times. Text string representing the audit mask to use
for this entry. Audit mask user control (AUD_OR, etc., from
<sys/audit.h>. Minimum length of a password, if non-zero. A value of
0 for fd_minlen indicates that a calculated minimum should be used,
based on the other password generation parameters. To allow passwords
of lengths 0 and up, set this field to 1 and set fd_nullpw. Dis‐
playable count of the number of unsuccessful login attempts. The sys‐
tem-wide default d_skip_fail_login_log controls whether or not this
field is updated at each login failure. Flag determining that the
site password policy callout should be consulted to determine whether a
given password is acceptable (whether as the result of password genera‐
tion or from user input). fd_policy goes with fd_restrict. Number of
old encrypted passwords to keep in the password dictionary. If zero,
the current password is still not eligible for re-use. A comma-sepa‐
rated list of old encrypted passwords, which are not eligible for re-
use. Encryption algorithm index associated with the current encrypted
password in fd_encrypt. For use with the dispcrypt() function in pass‐
word validation. The desired encryption algorithm to be used to encode
the next password which gets set for this user. For use with the dis‐
pcrypt() function in password setting. Seconds after fd_ulogin when
fd_nlogins is ignored for determining whether the account is locked, if
this field is non-zero. Timestamp, from time(), of when the account is
no longer considered valid for logging in to. Flag for whether this
account is a template account only. Template accounts are not allowed
to log in, and may not have associated entries in the /etc/passwd file.
Name of a template account for default fields, in preference to those
in /etc/auth/system/default. Timestamp of when the user's vacation
begins. Timestamp of when the user's vacation is over. RLIMIT_CPU
rlim_max for the setrlimit() call during login. RLIMIT_FSIZE rlim_max
for the setrlimit() call during login. RLIMIT_DATA rlim_max for the
setrlimit() call during login. RLIMIT_STACK rlim_max for the setr‐
limit() call during login. RLIMIT_CORE rlim_max for the setrlimit()
call during login. RLIMIT_RSS rlim_max for the setrlimit() call during
login. RLIMIT_NOFILE rlim_max for the setrlimit() call during login.
RLIMIT_VMEM rlim_max for the setrlimit() call during login. The maxi‐
mum inter-login interval allowed (in seconds) before considering the
account to be locked. If zero, there is no limit. Timestamp, if set
and non-zero, of a time limit for letting the user log in despite any‐
thing which the locked_out_es() function describes as locking out a
user. Flag indicating that the user must change his or her password
during the next login before it can succeed, even if it has not yet
(otherwise) expired.
The following flag fields control password generation (the term "set"
means anything non-zero and the term "not set" means zero): If set,
allows the user to pick his or her own password. If set, allows the
account to be used without a password. Enables the use of the random
pronounceable password generator for passwords for this account.
Allows the password generator to generate passwords composed of random
printable characters and random letters, which are not easy to remem‐
ber. The password change software allows the user to pick from which‐
ever options are available for their accounts. The user ID of the user
who last changed the password on the user's account, if it was not the
account owner. If set, causes triviality checks to be made after the
account password has been chosen, to avoid palindromes, user name and
machine name permutations, and words appearing in the dictionary. A
string, formatted like the UUCP systems file, which specifies time
intervals, during which the user may log in. The following fields are
used to protect against login spoofing, listing the time and location
of last login: Timestamps of the last successful and unsuccessful login
attempts. The terminal device or host (if supported) names of the ter‐
minal or host from which the last login attempt occurred. The number
of unsuccessful login attempts since the last successful login. It is
reset to zero after a successful login. The number of unsuccessful
attempts until the account is considered locked. Indicates whether the
administrative lock on the account is set. See the locked_out_es(3)
reference page for more detailed information. An indicator of whether
the account has been retired. Once retired, the user ID and name may
not be reused.
When the getespwent() function is first called, it returns a pointer to
the first user es_passwd structure in the database; thereafter, it
returns a pointer to the next es_passwd structure in the database, so
successive calls can be used to search the database. Note that entries
without a corresponding entry in /etc/passwd are skipped. The entries
are scanned in the order they appear in /etc/passwd. The getespwuid()
function searches from the beginning of the database until a numerical
user ID matching uid is found and returns a pointer to the particular
structure in which it was found. The getespwnam() function searches
from the beginning of the database until a login name matching name is
found, and returns a pointer to the particular structure in which it
was found. If an end-of-file or an error is encountered on reading,
these functions return a null pointer.
The copyespwent() function copies pr, and the fields to which it
refers, to a newly allocated data area. Because the getespwent() and
putespwent() functions reuse a static structure when accessing the
database, the values of any entry must be saved if the database rou‐
tines are used again. The es_passwd structure returned by copyesp‐
went() can be freed using the free() function.
A call to setprpwent() has the effect of rewinding the protected pass‐
word database to allow repeated searches. The endprpwent() function may
be called to close the protected password database when processing is
complete.
The putespwnam() function puts a new or replaced protected password
entry pr with key name into the database. If the uflg->fg_name field is
0 (zero), the requested entry is deleted from the protected password
database. The putespwnam() function locks the database for all update
operations, and calls the endprpwent() function after the update or
failed attempt.
NOTES
Structures returned by the database routines contain pointers to char‐
acter strings and lists rather than being self-contained. The copy
function must be used rather than doing a structure assignment to save
a returned structure.
The value returned by the getespwent() and getespwnam() functions
refers to a structure that is overwritten by calls to these functions.
To retrieve an entry, modify it, and replace it in the database, you
must copy the entry using copyespwent() and supply the modified buffer
to putespwnam().
Programs using these functions must be compiled with -lsecurity.
The getespwent() function assumes one name per UID and one UID per
name. The sequential scan loops between the first two instances of a
multiple UID.
A program uses the getpwent() functions to sequentially scan the data‐
bases. User program references to password entries obtained using
these functions will not be valid after using any of the functions in
this reference page.
The policy callout is to a file located at /tcb/bin/pwpolicy that
allows for site-specific security checks. The path to the file is
defined by the d_pw_site_callout entry in the /etc/auth/system/default
file.
RESTRICTIONS
Programs must call set_auth_parameters() before any other action in
main().
CAUTIONS
Structures returned by the database routines contain pointers to char‐
acter strings and lists rather than being self-contained. The copyesp‐
went() function must be used rather than doing a structure assignment
to save a returned structure.
The value returned by the getespwent(), getespwuid(), and getespwnam()
functions refers to a structure that is overwritten by calls to the
function. To retrieve an entry, modify it, and replace it in the data‐
base, you must copy the entry using the copyespwent() function and sup‐
ply the modified buffer to the putespwent() function.
RETURN VALUES
The getespwent(), getespwuid(), and getespwnam() functions return null
pointers on EOF or error.
The putespwnam() function returns 0 (zero) if it cannot add or update
the entry.
The copyespwent() function returns a pointer, or NULL on (allocation)
error.
FILES
System password file Protected password database for UIDs from 0 to 99.
Protected password database for UIDs 100 and up. Old protected pass‐
word database System defaults database General security databases file.
SEE ALSO
Functions: getpwent(3), getesdfent(3), locked_out_es(3)
Files: authcap(4), prpasswd(4)
Security
getespwent(3)